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2007/5/19 Natalis laetus mihi...周三我接受了放射的洗礼,其代价是双手被烧出4个水泡。于是我也成为了切尔诺贝利之后为数不多的受到辐射伤害的人之一。 在Northern实验中一般使用的放射性核素都是P-32,P-32是理想的高能beta源,衰变时均匀发射出beta射线(高能电子流)。此外,高能beta射线在撞击质量数高的物质比如铅时还会激发X射线,术语叫做轫致辐射(Bremsstrahlung,这也就是为什么同位素的容器必须是两层,内部玻璃外部铅盒),因此在实验中的防护上与gamma源如I-131等使用铅板不同,一般是用有机玻璃板(要1cm以上厚度)以减少产生X射线(一篇最近的文章也质疑这种做法,他们的实验表明铅板比塑料板更有效,不过我怀疑这是他们使用的塑料板材质问题:Van Pelt WR et al. Beta radiation shielding with lead and plastic: effect on bremsstrahlung radiation when switching the shielding order. Health Phys. 2007 Feb;92(2 Suppl):S13-7. PMID: 17228183)。不过一个很容易忽略的问题是beta射线的散射。短波长的电子束打在障碍物上会产生散射,因此并不是挡住就没事了,很可能操作空间以内都弥散有beta射线。 一般我们认为beta源要比gamma源安全,这是从它们的穿透性来讲的。beta射线在空气中的射程大约只有两米左右,而对于皮肤则不到1cm,其中90%会在2mm内被吸收,大约能穿透到生发层;而gamma射线会直接穿透淋巴和骨髓去。因此在最坏的情况下,beta射线会造成皮肤癌,gamma射线会造成白血病--前者的治愈率似乎要高那么一点……不过考虑到我们的操作通常都是在50cm以内的空间进行的,在这种距离上,beta射线与gamma射线的相对照射剂量相差无几(一般用量),所以危险性上是差不多的。 以后会用到放射性同位素来做实验的人建议都读一下这篇文章:Failla G. Personnel protection in the use of radioisotope. J Clin Invest. 1949 Nov; 28(6 Pt 1): 1281-1285. PMCID: 439686。这篇文章虽然很发表于半个世纪以前,但是写得很详细,从引起过度辐射的心理疏忽到放射性防护的fact&fiction。需要注意的是里面的计量单位已经过时了。如果你有过硬的DIY技术的话,也可以参考一下这篇文章改造你的移液器等实验器具:Josefsen K et al. An alternative approach to 32P radiation protection: source shielding. Nucleic Acids Res. 1993 Feb 11;21(3):485-7. PMID: 8441662。 总而言之,在实验室操作的时候我们尽可能做到以下几条: 1.劝说老板买防护服(多半是不可能的……); 2.死道友不死贫道,推给别人做(太下流了,没可能的); 3.合理规划实验,减少照射时间; 4.多戴几层手套,勤换手套; 5.一定要穿实验服,规范操作尽量避免沾染; 6.定时用盖革计数器检测沾染情况; 7.冰上操作,保持湿度,以免放射性物质形成气溶胶; 8.做完试验仔细洗手洗脸; 9.祈祷。 至于像我这样受到辐射之后的轻微皮肤发炎的情况不需要处理,要相信DNA修复的能力。预防的方法有局部涂可地松软膏(Potera ME et al. Prophylaxis of radiation dermatitis with a topical cortisone cream. Radiology. 1982 Jun;143(3):775-7. PMID: 7079509)、VC软膏(Halperin EC et al. A double-blind, randomized, prospective trial to evaluate topical vitamin C solution for the prevention of radiation dermatitis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1993 Jun 15;26(3):413-6. PMID: 8514538)、芦荟油(Richardson J et al. Aloe vera for preventing radiation-induced skin reactions: a systematic literature review. Clin Oncol. 2005 Sep;17(6):478-84. PMID: 16149293),似乎都没有明显的效果。 总之,对于安全操作放射性而言一句话总是有用的:"一盎司的常识胜过一磅的铅块"("for protection from ionizing radiation one ounce of commonsense is better than a pound of lead", Farran HE. Safe handling of radio-isotopes. Ann Rheum Dis. 1973 Dec;32 Suppl 6:Suppl:17-8. PMID: 4769187)。 今天又是我的生日,一年的时间一晃又过了。看见周围的人都在前进,似乎只有我在看着时间流过,说实话感觉并不太好。前天实验室给我开了个小小的庆生会,我在蛋糕上像熊猫烧香一样插上三根蜡烛点燃,然后什么也不想就吹灭了。现在想起来,我大概从很小的时候开始就没有强烈地祈望过什么了。祈求便能得到的,都是可有可无的东西吧。 以前说过,我难以理解为何人们纪念某个大人物的诞辰。无论是多么伟大的人物,在出生的时候也不过是吃不到奶就哭的一介小P孩,他/她人生的意义只有在死的时候才会体现出来。因此纪念诞辰不如纪念逝世。现在我依然也这么想。不过对于一般的生日祝福,我也能够理解其意义所在。 互いにこの世に生を享けた偶然を心から幸いと感じ、祝福を捧げる。私もいつか、このように感じ合うヒトと出会えるのだろうか。 2007/5/12 出门昨天虽然稍有些热,但还是相当适合出游的天气,于是我背上包,兴致勃勃地到植生所去拿同位素…… 应该有不少人都去过植生所,不过我还是第一次去。似乎上海这边用的同位素都是北京制造(制造放射性同位素需要100MeV以上的加速器,是原子能研究院生产的么?)经由植生所周转的,周围不少实验室都在这里拿同位素。 轻轨地铁两次换乘之后就到了东安路站,走路两分钟就到了枫林路。以前没来过枫林路,只知道复旦医学院在这里,以为是挺大的,没想到也就是一条支马路的样子。先看到了有机所,长满爬山虎的外墙很有植生所的感觉啊~~~ 有机所的旁边、复旦护理学院的对面就是植生所了。主楼很高,温室很壮观,灌木草坪的花园式布局很清爽,简单来说就是看起来就很有钱。 管理同位素的地方在某个阴暗的小屋里,因为事先有电话联系过,我向那里的老伯自称是某某实验室的人,很轻松就拿到了。我把同位素放进预先带来的冰袋,塞进包里就原路返回。 地铁上的冷气很舒服,我带着和平的表情开始阅读带在身上的文献。尽管没有哪个公共交通工具允许乘客随身携带放射性物品乘车,不过我这样的学生是不可能开私家车的,对于规定就只好无视了。 所以,有坐地铁四号线的人如果看见一个灰头土脸的人,带着一个可疑的白色泡沫塑料盒或是可疑的包的话,可以稍微离他远一点--尽管大多数情况下是没有问题的~~~ 2007/4/10 An Up-to-date Cell Paper by Weiming ZhongCell. 2007 Apr 6;129(1):163-78. The Mammalian Golgi Regulates Numb Signaling in Asymmetric Cell Division by Releasing ACBD3 during Mitosis. Yan Zhou, Joshua B. Atkins, Santiago B. Rompani, Daria L. Bancescu, Petur H. Petersen, Haiyan Tang, Kaiyong Zou, Sinead B. Stewart, and Weimin Zhong Mammalian neural progenitor cells divide asymmetrically to self-renew and produce a neuron by segregating cytosolic Numb proteins primarily to one daughter cell. Numb signaling specifies progenitor over neuronal fates but, paradoxically, also promotes neuronal differentiation. Here we report that ACBD3 is a Numb partner in cell-fate specification. ACBD3 and Numb proteins interact through an essential Numb domain, and the respective loss- and gain-of-function mutant mice share phenotypic similarities. Interestingly, ACBD3 associates with the Golgi apparatus in neurons and interphase progenitor cells but becomes cytosolic after Golgi fragmentation during mitosis, when Numb activity is needed to distinguish the two daughter cells. Accordingly, cytosolic ACBD3 can act synergistically with Numb to specify cell fates, and its continuing presence during the progenitor cell cycle inhibits neuron production. We propose that Golgi fragmentation and reconstitution during cell cycle differentially regulate Numb signaling through changes in ACBD3 subcellular distribution and represent a mechanism for coupling cell-fate specification and cell-cycle progression. 话说回来我现在要做的东西其实是跟Ting Xie和Haifan Lin走的,最近Xie有篇跟人back to back的文章(不过这个theme到现在才出来呀……): Curr Biol. 2007 Mar 20;17(6):539-44. Dcr-1 maintains Drosophila ovarian stem cells. Zhigang Jin and Ting Xie MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression by controlling the turnover, translation, or both of specific mRNAs. In Drosophila, Dicer-1 (Dcr-1) is essential for generating mature miRNAs from their corresponding precursors. Because miRNAs are known to modulate developmental events, such as cell fate determination and maintenance in many species, we investigated whether a lack of Dcr-1 would affect the maintenance of stem cells (germline stem cells, GSCs; somatic stem cells, SSCs) in the Drosophila ovary by specifically removing its function from the stem cells. Our results show that dcr-1 mutant GSCs cannot be maintained and are lost rapidly from the niche without discernable features of cell death, indicating that Dcr-1 controls GSC self-renewal but not survival. bag of marbles (bam), the gene that encodes an important differentiating factor in the Drosophila germline, however, is not upregulated in dcr-1 mutant GSCs, and its removal does not slow down dcr-1 mutant GSC loss, suggesting that Dcr-1 controls GSC self-renewal by repressing a Bam-independent differentiation pathway. Furthermore, Dcr-1 is also essential for the maintenance of SSCs in the Drosophila ovary. Our data suggest that miRNAs produced by Dcr-1 are required for maintaining two types of stem cells in the Drosophila ovary. 2007/3/23 译文:四条黄金的经验这是2003年一期Nature上的文章,物理学家Steven Weinberg的演讲稿,读完之后感觉深得我心,随手译了一下放在这里,与同仁们共勉。 Steven Weinberg建立了弱电统一理论(即统一四种基本力中的弱相互作用和电磁力),对于他所提到的Standard Model的建立起了决定性的贡献。有人对于Standard Model的评价是"被确认得如此之好,好得无聊"("the Standard Model is studied and confirmed so well that things are, almost boring")。由于知识所限,有关于Standard Model的东西就去看他发在European Physics Journal上的面向专业听众的讲稿The Making of Standard Model吧。(European Physics Journal C. 34:5-13. 2004) 四条黄金的经验 Steven Weinberg 当我获得我的大学学位时--得有100年了吧--物理学文献在我看来犹如一片浩瀚无际未经探索的海洋,而我在开始自己的研究之前必须勘测完每一片海域。在我还没有了解别人所完成的一切之前我又怎么能做研究呢?幸运的是,我在研究生院的第一年当一位资深物理学家的小弟,而他在我焦虑的反对下依然坚持我必须先开始研究工作,然后再一步步了解我所必须学习的东西。要么被淹死,要么学会游泳。令我吃惊的是:这很管用。我很快拿到了博士学位--尽管我拿到学位时仍对物理学几乎一无所知。但我确实学到了一件重要的事:没人知道一切,你也无需如此。 我学到的第二条经验--继续使用关于海洋的比喻--当你没淹死而学会游泳之后,你应当总是瞄准危险水域。60年代后期我在麻省理工任教时,一名学生告诉我他想进入广义相对论而非我正在从事的基本粒子物理领域工作,因为前者的基本原理已经清楚了,而后者在他看来还是一团糟。这令我惊讶:他正好给出了一个做出相反选择的完美理由。那时粒子物理是一片依然能够进行创造性工作的领域。在60年代粒子物理确实是一团糟,但之后许多理论与实验物理学家的工作使得所有问题(呃,几乎所有)统一于一个美妙的理论之下,那就是标准模型理论。我的建议是:挑战混沌--那最刺激。 我的第三条建议恐怕是最难接受的,那就是原谅自己浪费时间。教授(除非异常地残忍)只会要求自己的学生去解决他知道能够被解决的问题。另外,这些问题的科学意义是否重大无关紧要--要通过课程就必须解决这些问题。然而在现实世界里,我们很难知道那些问题是重要的,并且你没法知道在某个给定的历史时期,一个问题是否是可解决的。在20世纪初,数位物理学先驱,包括洛仑兹和Abraham曾试图建立电子理论。这一工作部分是为了弄清楚为何所有探测地球在以太中运动效应的尝试均告失败。现在我们知道他们是在研究错误的问题。在那个时候,没有人可以建立起成功的电子理论,因为量子力学尚未被发现。得益于1905年阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦的天才,所有人才意识到应当研究的问题是运动对时空度量的效应。这导致了狭义相对论的建立。因为你永远也不能确定那些事应当研究的"正确的问题",你在实验室或是书桌上耗费的大多数时间会被浪费掉。如果你想做出创造性的工作,那么你就不得不习惯于在大多数的时间毫无创造性,习惯于平静面对科学知识的海洋。 最后一点,学一点科学史,或者最低限度你所从事分支的历史。这样做最不重要的理由是历史可能对你自己的工作有所帮助。比如,科学家们偶尔会被从弗朗西斯·培根到托马斯·库恩、卡尔·波普的哲学家们所提出的、过度简化的科学模型所妨碍。一些科学史的知识是对抗科学哲学的最佳解毒剂。 更为重要的是,科学史能够使你的工作对你显得更有价值。作为一个科学家,你很可能富裕无望;你的朋友和亲人很可能无法理解你究竟在干些什么;而且如果你做的是诸如基本粒子物理领域的工作的话,你还无法获得"正在做着马上就能有用的事"的满足感。但当你认识到你的工作是科学历史的一部分时,你会有巨大的成就感。 回首100年前的1903年,谁当英国首相或是美国总统现在看来有何重要?真正特别重要的事在McGill大学,埃涅斯特·卢瑟福和弗雷德里克·索迪正要揭示放射能的本质。这一工作有实际的应用(当然!),但更为重要的是其蕴含的文化意义。对放射能的理解使得物理学家能够解释太阳与地球的核心怎样维持数百万年的高热。由此许多地质学家与古生物学家对于地球与太阳年龄最后的科学异议也告解除。从此以后,基督教徒与犹太教徒要么不得不放弃对圣经字面真实的确信,要么承认这种确信与理性无关。这只是自伽利略到牛顿、达尔文至今一连串对宗教原教旨主义控制的打击中的一步。阅读一下最近的任何报纸都足以使你明白,这一工作仍未完成。但这是一件启蒙性的工作,科学家们能够为之自豪。 Nature 426, 389 (27 November 2003); doi:10.1038/426389a Steven Weinberg When I received my undergraduate degree - about a hundred years ago - the physics literature seemed to me a vast, unexplored ocean, every part of which I had to chart before beginning any research of my own. How could I do anything without knowing everything that had already been done? Fortunately, in my first year of graduate school, I had the good luck to fall into the hands of senior physicists who insisted, over my anxious objections, that I must start doing research, and pick up what I needed to know as I went along. It was sink or swim. To my surprise, I found that this works. I managed to get a quick PhD - though when I got it I knew almost nothing about physics. But I did learn one big thing: that no one knows everything, and you don't have to. Another lesson to be learned, to continue using my oceanographic metaphor, is that while you are swimming and not sinking you should aim for rough water. When I was teaching at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the late 1960s, a student told me that he wanted to go into general relativity rather than the area I was working on, elementary particle physics, because the principles of the former were well known, while the latter seemed like a mess to him. It struck me that he had just given a perfectly good reason for doing the opposite. Particle physics was an area where creative work could still be done. It really was a mess in the 1960s, but since that time the work of many theoretical and experimental physicists has been able to sort it out, and put everything (well, almost everything) together in a beautiful theory known as the standard model. My advice is to go for the messes - that's where the action is. My third piece of advice is probably the hardest to take. It is to forgive yourself for wasting time. Students are only asked to solve problems that their professors (unless unusually cruel) know to be solvable. In addition, it doesn't matter if the problems are scientifically important - they have to be solved to pass the course. But in the real world, it's very hard to know which problems are important, and you never know whether at a given moment in history a problem is solvable. At the beginning of the twentieth century, several leading physicists, including Lorentz and Abraham, were trying to work out a theory of the electron. This was partly in order to understand why all attempts to detect effects of Earth's motion through the ether had failed. We now know that the were working on the wrong problem. At that time, no one could have developed a successful theory of the electron, because quantum mechanics had not yet been discovered. It took the genius of Albert Einstein in 1905 to realize that the right problem on which to work was the effect of motion on measurements of space and time. This led him to the special theory of relativity. As you will never be sure which are the right problems to work on, most of the time that you spend in the laboratory or at your desk will be wasted. If you want to be creative, then you will have to get used to spending most of your time not being creative, to being becalmed on the ocean of scientific knowledge. Finally, learn something about the history of science, or at a minimum the history of your own branch of science. The least important reason for this is that the history may actually be of some use to you in your own scientific work. For instance, now and then scientists are hampered by believing one of the over-simplified models of science that have been proposed by philosophers from Francis Bacon to Thomas Kuhn and Karl Popper. The best antidote to the philosophy of science is a knowledge of the history of science. More importantly, the history of science can make your work seem more worthwhile to you. As a scientist, you're probably not going to get rich. Your friends and relatives probably won't understand what you're doing. And if you work in a field like elementary particle physics, you won't even have the satisfaction of doing something that is immediately useful. But you can get great satisfaction by recognizing that your work in science is a part of history. Look back 100 years, to 1903. How important is it now who was Prime Minister of Great Britain in 1903, or President of the United States? What stands out as really important is that at McGill University, Ernest Rutherford and Frederick Soddy were working out the nature of radioactivity. This work (of course!) had practical applications, but much more important were its cultural implications. The understanding of radioactivity allowed physicists to explain how the Sun and Earth's cores could still be hot after millions of years. In this way, it removed the last scientific objection to what many geologists and paleontologists thought was the great age of the Earth and the Sun. After this, Christians and Jews either had to give up belief in the literal truth of the Bible or resign themselves to intellectual irrelevance.This was just one step in a sequence of steps from Galileo through Newton and Darwin to the present that, time after time, has weakened the hold of religious dogmatism. Reading any newspaper nowadays is enough to show you that this work is not yet complete. But it is civilizing work, of which scientists are able to feel proud. 2007/2/1 Nature Genetics 'Question of the Year'Nature Genetics的创刊15周年活动--年度问题:提出一个open question,让声望卓著的遗传学家谈谈自己的看法。今年的问题是"What would you do if you had the ability to sequence the equivalent of an entire human genome for $1,000?"
我的看法是:还是太贵了,降到1000块RMB的话我会考虑去把自己的基因组给测一遍。 2006/12/15 还是要晚上夜深人静的时候效率才高……入夜之后外面的雾开始降下,夜雾中的空气潮湿而清冽。与雨天的潮湿正相反,我挺喜欢冬天这样的天气。希望明早朝雾不要太早消散。 最近因为这个所谓的企业实训,没有办法去实验室练手了。眼看大头、光光、晓婴等人天天"充实的实验生活",觉得自己的内功在不断地消退中。于是只好随便看看文献,也算一定程度的修炼。 在公司带我实习的是一个博士,人还算不错,唯一的问题在于他是个信徒。每天早上开工我们闲聊的时候,他常会品评时事,然后开始感叹世风不古,人心日下,趁机向我传教;做实验时意外得到了不错的结果,于是开始大赞上帝之神奇,趁机向我传教。遇到这种情况我往往只好傻笑着敷衍一下。 至于实验的方案他交给我自己去弄。说实话熬中药这种事真是没有什么好琢磨的,如果还要在这种事情上面都要去动脑筋的话,脑筋也未免显得太过廉价了。不过考虑到日后的报告之类的东西,我也打算玩一点花样:用贝叶斯神经网络(BNN)作一下优化。于是我便开始看一些随机过程、应用统计分析的资料。很可悲地发现生物学多了之后对函数、算法之类的敏感程度就降低了,根本啃不懂…… 我还是比较佩服自己安排实验的能力,居然能够排出一套procedure让我从上午十点到下午五点没有整一个十分钟手空着。于是忙里偷闲的计划流产。看来看文献还是得在晚上才行。 最近拓宽了搜集文献的门路,一口气把Gene&Dev近三年的Review Collection(这个功能很赞,网站上已经专门列出来分好类了)全部down下来慢慢看。 最近看到的一篇Nature:Kawasaki H, Taira K. Hes1 is a target of microRNA-23 during retinoic-acid-induced neuronal differentiation of NT2 cells. Nature. 2003 Nov 6;426(6962):100. 一看,晕,这人把我想做的做掉了。然后没多久查到了这篇文章的撤稿。就像幸福的家庭大多相似不幸的家庭则各有各的不幸一样,要在CNS这样的top-tier期刊上面发文章,其方法大多是相同的;而发现有问题,撤稿的理由则是千奇百怪的。这篇恐怕是我见过的最搞笑的: Retraction: Hes1 is a target of microRNA-23 during retinoic-acid-induced neuronal differentiation of NT2 cells Hiroaki Kawasaki and Kazunari Taira Nature 423, 838-842 (2003). In this Article, the messenger RNA that is identified to be a target of microRNA-23 (miR-23) is from the gene termed human 'homolog of ES1' (HES1), accession number Y07572, and not from the gene encoding the transcriptional repressor 'Hairy enhancer of split' HES1 (accession number NM_00524) as stated in our paper. We incorrectly identified the gene because of the confusing nomenclature. The function of HES1 Y07572 is unknown but the encoded protein shares homology with a protein involved in isoprenoid biosynthesis. Our experiments in NT2 cells had revealed that the protein levels of the repressor Hes1 were diminished by miR-23. Although we have unpublished data that suggest the possibility that miR-23 might also interact with Hes1 repressor mRNA, the explanation for the finding that the level of repressor Hes1 protein decreases in response to miR-23 remains undefined with respect to mechanism and specificity. Given the interpretational difficulties resulting from our error, we respectfully retract the present paper. Further studies aimed at clarifying the physiological role of miR-23 will be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal subject to the outcome of our ongoing research. 简单地说,这两个马大哈日本人把缩写形式一样的基因张冠李戴了(……),然后不可思议地完成了实验(啊?),通过peer review之后发表在Nature上(强的)…… 其实我非常相信他们很可能没有造假,只是稍微粗心了一点而已…… 听说Cell明年又要出新的子刊Cell Stem Cell。近来这方面文章暴增,需求旺盛;另一方面Stem Cells太小家子气,以致憋死在6分位。Cell于是响应群众呼唤提供新的盼头。Cell旗下的子刊近来上升势头显著,而Cell本身水准却有所下降,也算是个怪事。 2006/12/9 [转载]人种与血统--汉民族血统浅析一篇好文,出处不明。 人种与血统--汉民族血统浅析 第一部分:以Y染色体单倍体类型研究看非洲起源论 人类Y染色体谱系树(图) 非洲人是人类的大本营,今天,所有人类的Y染色体单倍体类型都能在非洲找到。而非洲以外的居民,他们都是一支出非洲居民的后裔,他们的Y染色体上都带有M168的突变点。 人类刚出非洲,都带有M168的变异点,此后,M168又发展出三个支系,C-M130、D-YAP、F-M89,它们下又有不同的子类型。 回过头来再说最早的一支。 海洋居民,C-M130走的路线大概就是沿着海岸出发,从阿拉伯半岛-伊朗-印度-中南半岛,此后,这批M130的子孙分为两支系,NO.1支系向北进入西伯利亚,并最终进入了北美地区;NO.2支系向南进入澳大利亚,并扩散到整个太平洋诸岛。虽然我们的基因树上C-M130画的比较简单,但实际上C-M130并不单一,他们类型众多。 Y染色体变异数量多少并不能用人口数量来衡量,很多人口众多的大民族都是由一个小人群由于某种原因迅速壮大而来的,如历史上曾建立了强大帝国(典型的是汉人、阿拉伯人),近代的高技术革命和殖民(如英格兰人、西班牙人),这些人群的同源性强,Y染色体的变异类型并不特别丰富,相反,一些非常古老的小民族,其Y染色体变异类型却十分丰富。 亚欧大陆上主要民族(图中的Chinese主要指汉族,外国人对中国的民族状态不太了解,和一般人的观念不同,汉族的基因构成恰恰是一个非常单一纯粹的民族,足以证明原来的汉族融合而成的理论是错误的) 第二部分:分子生物学的方法研究汉族人的民族起源和基因结构 这段部族迁徙史,也许就是我们民间口口相传的著名的黄帝战胜蚩尤的历史传说!虽然我们找不到当年的战争遗迹,但我们完全可以找到吻合的考古和基因的证据:考古上,山东的大汶口文化从此消失了,取代它的正是从陕西河南来的龙山文化,此后山东存在的文化就是山东龙山文化。在基因上,证据更加明显,山东、河北两省的汉族人中M122和M119的比例接近200:1,超过99%人以上都是随黄帝东来者(先羌部落,M122类型)的后代,而陕西、湖北的汉族人中干脆找不到M119的类型。 分子生物学方法是最准确的分析人群的起源的方法,比起沉迷于历史文献和民间传说的传统民族学,显然要准确和真实的多,传统民族学过于幻淫了。 A图. 棕色人种大约10万年前走出非洲,至少在5万年之前已经来到东南亚;黄色人种(此时黄+白人群还没有开始分化)则是大约五万年前的时候开始向东迁徙; 附一: 附二:O、N、C、D四种单倍体类型在现在黄色人种中的大致分布
所有数据和图片都来自《American Journal of Human Genetics》《美国人类遗传学杂志》上的正式公开发表的论文,我保证正确引用数据和图片,本人没有对其进行改动。 题外话: 汉族的Y染色体研究,说明汉族来自于同一个父系,是同根同源的一家人。 2006/12/5 Maternal inheritance, maternal effect, and furthermore(see how far I drifted)...This note aims to clarify these two confusable concepts, termed maternal inheritance and maternal effect, so as to avoid ambiguities in further discussion. Maternal inheritance is defined as an instance of non-Mendelian inheritance in genetics, that some traits are exclusively inherited maternally. This phenomenon was found in many species including human, and cytoplasmic inheritance is generally accepted as the very reason and sometimes a synonym of maternal inheritance. On the other hand, the term maternal effect, or more common maternal effect gene, describes an effect by which the female parents influence the progeny with maternal gene product stored in eggs prior to fertilization. This term appears predominantly and somewhat restrictedly in the context of developmental biology albeit it is also non-Mendelian hereditary, usually while we are describing body axis formation of Drosophila, or animal-vegetal axis formation of Xenopus egg(so I referred maternal effect to it during the discussion). Likewise, examples of maternal inheritance were also identified in plants as certain maternal gene product affect embryo development(Teresa A Golden et al. SHORT INTEGUMENTS1/SUSPENSOR1/CARPEL FACTORY, a Dicer homolog, is a maternal effect gene required for embryo development in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 2002 Oct;130(2):808-22.). Note that the genotype of the progeny is not necessarily changed. Therefore, maternal effect sometimes exemplify a typical epigenetic phenomenon. Moreover, maternal effect is also used somewhat plausibly to designate correlations between mother and fetal health. Except very few cases, organelle genome, namely mitochondrial and plastid genome, is inherited in a maternal-linage-confined fashion. Mitochondria within a zygote are literally exclusively from egg. It is not only because of limited cytoplasmic reservoir of the sperm, the zygote itself rapidly performs active processes eliminating paternal mitochondria. No paternal mitochondria remain longer than 8-cell stage, in the case of mouse(J M Cummins. Fertilization and elimination of the paternal mitochondrial genome. Hum Reprod. 2000 Jul;15 Suppl 2:92-101.). A recent study again confirmed this elimination, finding that the number of mitochondria begins to decrease as early as spermatogenesis; after fertilization, ubiquitin-mediated active proteolysis rapidly break down all the paternal mitochondria, whose mtDNA is digested even earlier(Yoshiki Nishimura et al. Active digestion of sperm mitochondrial DNA in single living sperm revealed by optical tweezers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Jan 31;103(5):1382-7. Epub 2006 Jan 23.). Paternal mitochondrion destruction and consequent mtDNA elimination is found in various organisms to have a species-specific mechanism(P Sutovsky et al. Ubiquitinated sperm mitochondria, selective proteolysis, and the regulation of mitochondrial inheritance in mammalian embryos. Biol Reprod. 2000 Aug;63(2):582-90.) and suggests an important role in normal embryo development(J St John et al. Failure of elimination of paternal mitochondrial DNA in abnormal embryos. Lancet. 2000 Jan 15;355(9199):200.). The reason why organisms follow this strategy is unknown but inferred to be beneficial during evolution. Independent of nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA mutate more frequently and is considered containing relatively more deleterious mutations for man, because natural selection on mitochondria operates only in females. It is also suggested that the isolation of mtDNA between sexes helped to prevent selfish cytoplasmic genomic mutations from spreading(Hoekstra RF. Evolutionary origin and consequences of uniparental mitochondrial inheritance. Hum Reprod. 2000 Jul;15 Suppl 2:102-11.). Last time when Yu was presenting her theme on symbiosis, I proposed jokingly my "conspiracy theory" on the evolution of nuclear-mitochondria interaction. Roughly, one could never overestimate the significance of oxidative phosphorylation for a primitive unicellular organism in selection, so naturally, it would literally by all means attempt to restrain the unfortunate guest inside from leaving. The story would probably be, let's say, Stick and Carrot, or more moderately: Peaceful Transformation--I would prefer Boiling Frog in Lukewarm Water, the "politically right" one. For the guest that accidentally dropped in, the host provided a cosy, well-sheltered house, along with delicious food. The guest seemed to be delighted and enjoying himself. However, he might somehow forget the idiom his grandmother had told him long before: no free lunch in the world. This is true, and soon further understanding was probably to be added: maybe there's no free lunch, but certainly no-free lunch exists. While his guest was enjoying himself in the living-room, the host in the kitchen was calculating the sum he would have the visitor to pay. This scenario outlined reminiscences of the last revenge from the count of Monte Cristo, where he directed his bandits to kidnap Danglars and gradually squeezed property from this monsieur comique in the name of prandial fare. At first, it could be lateral gene transfer that gave rise to nuclear duplication of mitochondrial genome. Year by year, different mutation rate of the two system against selective pressure eventually deprived mitochondria of independence from nuclei. Here we could readily notice something in shadow. Considering the importance of oxidative phosphorylation to the host, it is illogical that a certain mechanism had not emerged to maintain mitochondria genome integrity and reliability of power supply therefrom. Despite the repertoire of methods nucleus mastered to keep fit, it lent out only a hand reluctantly to mitochondria(Note that here I am using a stubby metaphor. Mitochondrion do have its own repair system though not full-fashioned as is in the nucleus. Here's two primer reviews for your further interest. 1. S P Ledoux et al. Mitochondrial DNA repair: a critical player in the response of cells of the CNS to genotoxic insults. Neuroscience. 2006 Nov 7; 2. Jeffrey A Stuart & Melanie F Brown. Mitochondrial DNA maintenance and bioenergetics. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006 Feb;1757(2):79-89.). Today, as a result, mitochondrion cannnot keep viable with it own genome, which encodes merely 37 genes. Following a simple logic one may think that in this game of life, nuclear side had finally accomplished their conspiracy for a tightly chained slavery had established and rooted ever since. However, this is true only from nuclear point of view. As for mitochondria, the enslaved, they might be in a status far from misery. They are sheltered and fed at the expense of the freedom to get out of their asylum, a comparatively posterior consideration. Furthermore, mitochondria could never be so naive as to neglect fortification. Some counterattack was probably conducted to create "terms and conditions" on which nuclei and mitochondria approached a compromise de facto--nuclear genome could not maintain long without the help of mitochondria vice versa. Note that their "negotiations" contributed to neither truce nor ceasefire, not even to mention treaties. So taken together, as the result of this game of life, a pair of "shackles of war" emerged and enchained the opponents, consequently brought about those intricacies we started to reveal today. Recent progresses in reproductive and stem cell research,especially those involving assisted reproductive technology(ART), e.g. cloning, nuclear transfer, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, oocyte cytoplasm donation etc., call for further concerns both in fundamental research and in clinical applications. You could learn more from this review (S Hiendleder & E Wolf. The mitochondrial genome in embryo technologies. Reprod Domest Anim. 2003 Aug;38(4):290-304.) about how the nuclear-mitochondrial interaction bothers, thanks to the fragile balance of power. Miss Yu believes that there should be not only competitions but also cooperations existed between organisms that share same niches in the evolutionary process. This point is beautiful and harmonious as well as obviously consistent with what we see in the instances of symbiosis, mutualism, etc. All these coevolutionary processes are, however, but instruments instead of goals. Unexceptionally, whatever strategy an organism chooses, it has to fit within one universal philosophy. This pragmatistic philosophy, as vulgarly described in The Selfish Gene by Richard Dawkins, motivate every creature on the earth to stake whatever one has to assure the heritance of one's gene, irrespective of one's felicity. It may sounds cruel and ruthless, nonetheless it remains the true nature. Even so, we are still enabled to choose, depending on our free wills towards eudaemonia, to antagonize or at least moderate the call outwards from our deeply rooted jungle law dating back distant eons. P.S.: DON'T take those aforementioned TOO serious... 2006/11/27 有关于mRNA成环之后翻译的问题……ORZ在上次那个生命现象视频里,有一个细节是mRNA转运出核膜之后,首尾成环,核糖体再结合上去开始翻译。当时觉得很不可思议,从来没有听说有这样的现象。 结果发现其实是自己在分子的基础方面已经落后于时代了……ORZ 这方面的问题其实在很早以前就已经提出了模型和相应的证据:Chen CY, Sarnow P. Initiation of protein synthesis by the eukaryotic translational apparatus on circular RNAs. Science 1995;268: 415- 17; Reviewed by Gingras AC, Raught B, Sonenberg N. eIF4 initiation factors: effectors of mRNA recruitment to ribosomes and regulators of translation. Annu Rev Biochem. 1999;68:913-63.; Gray NK, Wickens M. Control of translation initiation in animals. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol. 1998;14:399-458.; Kawaguchi R, Bailey-Serres J. Regulation of translational initiation in plants. Curr Opin Plant Biol. 2002 Oct;5(5):460-5. 就连前辈高人Marilyn Kozak(没错,就是那个发现Kozak序列的人)也针对这方面的问题出手写了篇review:Kozak M. How strong is the case for regulation of the initiation step of translation by elements at the 3' end of eukaryotic mRNAs? Gene. 2004 Dec 8;343(1):41-54.。在要想获得以自己命名的什么东西难上加难的生物学界,拥有以自己姓氏命名的序列足以说明Marilyn Kozak的不凡(当然如果你养果蝇时发现从未记录过的突变时,是可以给这种突变冠以自己讨厌的人的名字的……)~~~~再ORZ一下。 我的这篇怎么不见了-2006年诺贝尔化学奖 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006果不其然,今年的化学炸药奖又被生物和平演变了……看来做纯粹化学真的没有什么前途,怎么也要往生物化学、结构生物学、化学生物学上面靠才行。 今年获奖者是Roger D. Kornberg(一人独享很赞的),因其在真核转录的分子基础方面的研究获奖。 The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006 这表示又一对父子均获炸药奖的例子又诞生了。Roger的老爹Arthur Kornberg因为对核酸生物合成的研究获得1959年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖。说起来今年化学奖发得比今年的生理或医学奖还要快:Roger的成果是2001年出来的…… R. D. Roger用X射线晶体衍射的方法解析了RNA Polymerase II及其形成延伸复合体的分子结构,以及DBD的组序列。他的研究意义在于为转录调控的研究提供了基础,因为通常在研究生理过程的机制时,分子结构都是最为重要的佐证。比如大家都知道的Watson和Crick揭示的DNA分子结构,从而自然而然地推论出DNA复制的机制。其实现在看来Watson等人的成果其实应该得化学奖的,由于它的生物学意义太过核心,于是发给生理学或医学奖(猜测)。 基因表达的调控主要发生在转录水平(特别是转录起始阶段),这在进化上体现了效率(efficiency)与节约(parsimony)的平衡,也就是俗话说得多快好省地建设社会主义。Epigenetic level的调控反应不够迅速,因为DNA methylation&chromatin remodelling所需要的时间往往比较长,且影响范围往往比较大;但优点是可保持、遗传上稳定。而转录后、翻译调控或翻译后修饰都可能会造成不必要的building block和ATP浪费,蛋白质活性/turnover的调节无疑是最为灵敏的,但除了有浪费的可能外,风险也比较大--缺少鲁棒性(robustness)。 实际上蛋白质水平的调节也通常是在转录起始阶段实现,其目标就是TF。比如在通过信号传导,借由phosphorylation cascade、allosteric effect改变TF/其他trans factor的活性影响其与调控序列或RNA pol的结合,开闭或者影响转录效率。也有通过改变RNA pol的活性来实现调节的例子,不过多发生在原核生物中。 闲话:看来化学炸药奖还是比较好拿的,你只需选择一个有重要生物学意义的过程,选择其中起核心作用的分子,做MD/X射线衍射得出其结构,然后等着瑞典给你打电话就好了。有好几次的诺奖(除了DNA结构那次以外都是化学奖)都是发给生物分子的结构分析的,比如2003年的水通道&离子通道,1997年的ATP合酶&钠钾泵,1989年的ribozyme,1988年的PC,1982年的核酸蛋白复合体,1972年的RNase,1962年的球蛋白,1961年的胰岛素。如果算上那些不是基于结构的研究的话就更多了:2004年Ubiquitin,1993年的PCR和定点诱变,1980年的重组DNA和测序法,1978年的化学渗透理论,1961年的Calvin cycle,1957年的核苷酸和coenzyme,1955年的多肽类激素的合成,1948年的电泳,1947年的生物碱,1946年的酶和病毒晶体,1939年的性激素,1937-1938年的维生素与胡萝卜素,1930年的叶绿素与haemin合成,1929年的糖发酵酶,1928年的固醇,1915年的叶绿素,1907年的无细胞发酵系统,1902年的糖及嘌呤合成。 所以啊,金晨羽和张鹤一定不能把生物给丢了,没准以后就是个炸药奖哦!~~~
Downloaded from www.sciencemag.org. Used with permission for non-profit educational presentation. 2006/11/25 Neural Induction - Alternative Papers Proposedby Hou, RY Hans Spemman's research on organizer marked a milestone model system in experimental embryology and contributed countlessly to the burgeoning of developmental biology ever since, as appreciated 1935 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. In nearly 80 years' pursuit of mechanism that underlies the inductive effect of organizer on dorsoventral patterning and ectodermal fate specification, namely neural induction, it was the recent 10 year that we could describe to molecular detail. To date, there's still much around neural induction remains elusive or controversial, nonetheless a consensus could, to a certain extent, be reached. Not even one developmental biology textbook or monograph could neglect to analyse the significant "default model" of neural induction. Now that developmental biology itself still remains far from systematic or paradigm-determined, a new student normally starts from several classic model systems, e.g. C. elegans vulva specification, Drosophila body plan & eye development, vertebrate limb morphogenesis, vertebrate neurogenesis etc., to comprehend the fundamental processes and concepts within the evolutionary developmental context, and to raise further questions. Considering this, I proposed neural induction as the first topic for our junior fellows. For those who are intrigued by developmental biology, it is very likely to be an appropriate dip into developmental wonders, the Holy Grail centered in life sciences. Kong, M.D. previously suggested several reviews from Annual Reviews, which provide all spectrum progress on the very front, thus are often found difficult for novices. Here I propose some reviews along with a number of state-of-the-art research articles for your alter and/or further reading.
When you're reading, try to raise as many questions, either theoretical or empirical, for the sake of our discussion. As you seek to answer these questions, you might probably begin to approach a hologram gaze at developmental biology. This note is posted both on Group Space and our Google Group, while papers listed above are uploaded to Google Group(note that they are visible only if you choose Group beta) and stored in my FTP: ftp://ftp.evo-devo.org:8021/Papers for Junior Fellows/. For the username and password, please inquire of Kong, M.D., NanoGold or directly to me. My FTP is mainly for circulation of literature for discussion(previous and present). Help yourselves. 2006/10/12 一个很精彩的生命现象视频前天在师兄的Blog上面看到了这个视频:
试试能不能直接播放
这个Harvard的人做的视频描述的是leukocyte adhesion到invadation过程中的细胞活动(不过很多是通用过程。)
一开始,白细胞在血管内壁上翻滚;
然后局部:cadherin之间连接。本来第一感觉是E-selectin起作用,但是看双方是基本相同的分子所以cadherin的可能性更大;
在质膜上漂过来的应该是integrin,之后是它下面的膜骨架;
Actin filament组装;
然后是ADF/cofilin切割已形成的MF;
MT组装,MT解聚,整个应该是在描述treadmilling过程;
Kinesin运输囊泡;
mRNA转运出核孔,成环?(mRNA要成环了才能翻译吗……);大小亚基结合上去开始翻译(这里做的非常认真,小亚基寻找kozak序列的细节都有);
chaperone结合新生蛋白,转运入线粒体;
然后是共翻译转运过程,合成蛋白转入ER;
从ER分泌到高尔基体,分泌途径;(kinesin又出来活跃气氛,这是整个视频中最人性化的角色)
exocytosis;
磷脂聚集?(这一步没有看懂,大家讨论之后都没有理解这是什么过程)
看起来可能是新合成的IgSF分子……
然后回到细胞活动,白细胞从血管内皮细胞间隙侵入。
发现自己分子和细胞都没有学好…… 2006/10/10 似乎被误导了很长时间一个问题:SDS的中文名是什么?
问了几个人,除了不知道的小白猪以外都回答是“十二烷基磺酸钠”。
然而
十二烷基磺酸钠:sodium dodecyl sulfonate
十二烷基硫酸钠:sodium dodecyl sulfate
实际上查了一些reagent vendor的网站,如Invitrogen、Sigma等,他们所提供的都是sodium dodecyl sulfate(十二烷基硫酸钠),而另外一种,虽然同属阴离子去污剂、只少一个氧原子,但由于性能和制备上的问题几乎没有在实验室日常应用。在很少的情况下为了消歧义,会把SDS称为SLS(sodium lauryl sulfate月桂基硫酸钠)。
似乎把SDS称为十二烷基磺酸钠是一个相当普遍的误读。一些认真一些的资料上会注明:十二烷基磺酸钠,又称十二烷基硫酸钠。其实根本就没有这种通称的道理。 2006/10/3 2006年诺贝尔物理学奖 The Nobel Prize in Physics 2006虽然与专业无关,但还是要关注一下。说不定过两年做生物的人就去拿物理奖了,就像发现Ubiquitin/Proteasome蛋白质降解途径的人就拿了化学奖。所以搞生物的人要努力工作,多发大文章,全力抢占物理、化学的地盘,同时提高警惕以防反被对方挖墙脚(笑)~~~ The Nobel Prize in Physics 2006 今年的物理奖颁发给John C. Mather和George F. Smoot,以表彰二人在发现宇宙微波背景辐射的黑体形式及其各向异性中的贡献。(比较搞笑的是颁奖委员会没有找到John C. Mather的照片,于是在网站上Mather就是个无脸小兵 这里) 其实我个人觉得今年的物理奖算是对1978年A. A. Penzias和R. W. Wilson获奖的补充,两人因发现宇宙微波背景辐射获奖。The Nobel Prize in Physics 1978 根据1989年11月升空的微波背景探测卫星(Cosmic Background Explorer,COBE)测量到的结果,宇宙微波背景辐射谱非常精确地符合温度为2.726±0.010K的黑体辐射谱。宇宙微波背景辐射的各向异性来源于银河系相对于背景辐射的运动及星系内辐射的影响。温度(黑体辐射能量按波长的分布,即普朗克分布,仅是温度的函数)涨落的幅度只有大约百万分之五。目前比较公认的解释是,这个温度涨落起源于宇宙在形成初期量子水平上的涨落(fluctuation),它随着宇宙的暴涨而放大到宇宙学尺度上,并且正是由于温度的涨落,造成物质宇宙物质分布的不均匀性(aggregation),最终得以形成星系等大尺度的结构。 这样说来,我们今天能够在这里,在很大程度上不过是个偶然(人择原理的话,会认为我在故我在吧)。不过肯定的,掷下的骰子与投下的马鞭决定了我们所生活的世界,因此我也能够不带任何抱怨地、从容地面对我的人生。(耍帅的话就要说:男人面对死亡,就要从容地消散~~~~) 2006年诺贝尔生理学或医学奖The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2006今年的炸药奖今天(瑞典10月2日)揭晓了,发给了RNAi。The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2006 这也基本上算是预料中的事,之前跟人闲谈的时候也提到了RNAi有潜力拿奖,只是没有想到这么快。98年的成果06年就给奖,总算还不是终身成就奖。 讲到RNAi就不得不提到其有趣的发现过程,最初关于RNAi的暗示出现在So Guo等人的Cell文章上,当时他们是用反义技术抑制翻译来做C. elegans par-1的phenocopy,然后作为对照用合成的正义RNA注射进去,奇怪的是居然也有效果,他们的论文中写道:“Surprisingly, injection of in vitro synthesized sense RNA from the cDNA ZC22 also induced par-1 phenotypes at a high frequency among the progeny of injected worms. It is not clear what accounts for this effect. Moreover, the sense effect appears to be restricted to the putative translated region of the RNA while the antisense effect is not. Injection of both sense and antisense RNA from the 5' region (lacking the 3' untranslated region) also gave par-1 phenocopies, while only the antisense RNA from the 3' untranslated region gave an effect (data not shown). Thus, the antisense and sense effects appear to be separable and probably involve different mechanisms. The basis for the sense effect is under investigation and will not be discussed further.”见par-1, a gene required for establishing polarity in C. elegans embryos, encodes a putative Ser/Thr kinase that is asymmetrically distributed Cell, 81:611-620, (1995) 无疑他们的实验做得很仔细,没有漏过奇特的现象,整篇文章很干净,最后发了Cell;但无疑他们没有对此深究(也没办法,这种technical issue本就不是他们所关注的,人家的interest是asymmetrical cell division&polarity establishment),而文中所谓的under investigation,按照论文用语的特定解读其意思就是叫reviewer“pass it, don't ask more”。于是不好意思,炸药奖没你的份。 Guo他们做反义用的是Andrew Fire(得奖者之一)的protocol(Fire et al. 113 (2): 503. (1991) Development),Andrew Fire看到Guo的文章之后很不服气,觉得他们是在变相说自己protocol有问题(以上是胡扯),因为基于杂交的原理,只有antisense才有用,sense链不可能会有效果。其实Fire自己也嘀咕,他也有做出来sense有效。由于Guo他们所谓的investigation只是套话,Fire于是就自己来找原因。Fire首先就考虑是不是用于注射的RNA不纯的问题,当时所用的phage RNA pol可能造成了异常转录本。进一步他发现用纯化的antisense或sense RNA几乎没有干扰活性,除非剂量非常大Purified antisense and sense RNAs covering a 742-nucleotide segment of unc-22 had only marginal interference activity, requiring a very high dose of injected RNA to produce any observable effect(其实这里在实验设计上可能存在一点小问题,conventional antisense technique没有废柴到这种地步);而与之相反,正反义链混合物表现出非常高的干扰活性,甚至平均一个细胞里面几个分子就可以出phenotype。最后发现,起干扰作用的不是单链而是双链RNA(dsRNA),在dsRNA作用下内源mRNA转录本消失了。dsRNA甚至能够在虫体内散布,引起广泛的效果。而对于RNAi机制,Fire推测可能发生在染色质水平上,后来也证明这确实存在而且很重要(不过我想那时Fire多半是猜的)。文章发在Nature上,在做生物这边来看要比Cell低了一个档次,但炸药奖到手了。 Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans Nature, 391:806-811, (1998) 后来的研究揭示了RNAi的机理,dsRNA被Dicer切成~23bp的siRNA,siRNA的一条链与RISC(RNA-induced Silencing Complex)结合,识别而使内源mRNA降解。现在热得发烫的microRNA作用机制中,也有与RNAi一样的mRNA degradation过程。最近几年的研究发现了表观遗传学水平上RNAi介导的染色质修饰(异染色质化)。这也能够初步解释RNAi的作用在后代中的长期作用。 参考Biology of chromatin dynamics Annu Rev Plant Biol 56:327-51, (2005) RNAi的发现其最大的意义在于为reverse genetics提供了一个强有力的工具。因为RNAi广泛存在于真核生物中,因此对于特定基因的功能研究遇到无法作Knockout的生物、或者找不到合适突变体时,RNAi能够成为有效的替代。基于RNAi的特点,最近也有利用RNAi进行的Large-scale Functional Screening,这是以往的方法所难以想象的。现在RNAi已经成了实验室中非常routine的一种方法了。 当然RNAi也有其缺点。做LOF分析基因功能时,往往要求将Gene of Interest给Knockout或者Knockdown,RNAi本质上还是一种KD,仍然无法完全消除内源基因的影响。因此如果可能,人们通常更倾向于做KO。虽然理论上一个细胞内仅需数分子dsRNA就足以完全降解特定mRNA,但实际实验时常没有这么理想,RNAi产生的phenotype常强弱不一。另外也有报道称外源siRNA与内源miRNA的竞争引起致死Fatality in mice due to oversaturation of cellular microRNA/short hairpin RNA pathways Nature 441:537-541, (2006) 炸药奖的一个特点是既看重理论研究也看重methodology的革新,有时甚至更重视后者,因为后者很可能代表着more common interest。不过我比较喜欢有趣的理论就是了。 明年的又会给谁呢?MicroRNA、Epigenetics、Stem Cell都有潜力股,但值得给奖的东西似乎都还不够。说不定会给发育的信号传导这块,Wnt信号途径似乎是够格的,但到现在我都还不清楚这个信号途径是谁发现的来着? 2006/6/8 高考及其他又一个学期将过,生活依然繁忙。麻烦的事总是做也做不完。
这两天对于高三的家伙而言无异于黎明来临前最黑暗的时分。对于正与这段人生搏斗的大多数人自己来说,熬不熬得到黎明还是未知之数。 回想起自己的高三经历,就好像在昨天一样,但却不知不觉已经过去三年了,留在大学的时间也渐渐变短。在那段时间里我应该算是比较幸运的一类,也因此能够仅带着轻微的喟叹回顾那段艰苦的日子。不可思议地,在那段日子里发生的每一件事,身边每一个人的面容现在都可以清晰地回想起来。以稍显陈腐的说法而言,随着岁月流逝,这段“幻影之夏”的记忆也会变得越发清晰而强烈吧。
现在我们所面对的现实是升学的问题。现在很多人都开始联系到各个实验室去实习,了解它们的工作情况和专业方向。这周去上海肿瘤所朱景德那里看了一下。感觉朱是一个比较有idea的人,实验室的工作也比较有前瞻性;如果他没有骗我的话,看来有希望很快可以出不错的文章。但遗憾的是我不喜欢他的工作领域(肿瘤表观遗传学与基因疗法),难以倾注热情;而且研究所给我的第一印象太过糟糕,如deja vu一样引起我关于医院的不愉快记忆。
一个学科的研究方法就代表这个学科本身。我曾跟人开玩笑说:我很难理解为何全是电泳图的文章也能发表。我比较喜欢能够给人impressive的直观理解的研究,简洁优美而无可辩驳。因此我想向细胞或发育方向发展。在老板这里做植物细胞骨架挺能让我自得其乐的,不过我自己倒是对动物发育更感兴趣些。学院里有专门做果蝇发育的李明发。我也曾跑去希望跟着他学习,不过发哥刚来,实验室小,没钱(老板语)。今年甚至不招人。听说他那里组会讨论气氛热烈,颇有欧美之风。不能去多少有些可惜。
西南大学的罗凌飞是做斑马鱼(Zebrafish)发育的。这人在马普所拿了Ph.D.,看起来像是青年才俊那一类型。我准备跟他联系看看能不能在他那里学习,完成毕业设计。正好离家也近,只是不在上海会有些麻烦就是了。 2006/5/1 放假第一天这是第几次在实验室过夜了捏?~~~
由于种种复杂的原因,这个黄金周我暂时没有任何出游的计划。晚上我照常来到实验室,准备鉴定5.5Kb片断是否成功连上载体转化成功,然后打算从eppendrof转入试管培养。
实验室人很少,大家都休息了。但偏偏老板在,然后被他压(push)着做实验的ZHB和另一个女生也在。老板看见我居然自愿跑来做实验大喜。于是拉着我说实验和研究进展的事,然后不知怎么就开始痛说革命家史,地主家也没有余粮啊~~~交大学风还是不行啊~~~之类的。我只好傻笑着蒙混过去……
PCR到了12点也还差10个cycle才结束,于是我决定不回去了。深受微生物学的赵立平教授的影响(“细菌可不等人哪”)的我就一直等到PCR完成,把产物拿去电泳,终于得到了一块堪称PCR失败范例的Blank Gel……我等了这么久是为了什么……
不过好在positive control也是空的,所以怀疑是引物的问题。我把菌液扔在4度冰箱过夜,早上起来之后再换引物做鉴定。
我与新加坡国立大学Temasek Lifesciences Laboratory的Frederick Berger教授有过几次通信往来,第一次是写信去要一篇发在Nature Cell Biology的关于AtFH5的论文(他是通讯作者),后来围绕着一些问题我跟他做了一些讨论。这次他回信的抬头变成了Dear Dr Hou……然后告诉我8月份在北京有一个植物学的conference,we may meet if you participate……晕。
我最初知道Berger就是因为这篇论文。后来我在刘良式编的《植物分子遗传学》里面偶然看到了Berger原来的研究:利用墨角藻(Fucus)的合子研究actin cytoskeleton在早期胚的polarity formation中的作用。感觉他的idea不错,实验设计得也很简洁清爽。不过他告诉我他已经quit,没有再研究Fucus了。后来又看了一篇他在Current Opinion上面关于Arabidopsis Endosperm的综述,感觉这个人的研究方向挺有趣。
我本来还以为这个人混得不怎么样——他回信太快了。结果挺牛的嘛,为何屈居于NUS?…… 2006/4/28 发现NIH上一个不错的东西NIH组织的一些学术活动的影像资料的Videocast,另外还有Podcast,包括学术活动、专题报告、训练课程等,另外有一个Wednesday Afternoon Lectures的栏目,会请一些大牛来对自己工作的领域作一次由浅入深的综述,本周三请来的是耶鲁大学的Pollard主讲Molecular Mechanisms of Cellular Motility and Cytokinesis。在我们研究的领域Pollard的实验室主要以酵母为研究对象发了不少牛文章,Cell、Science、PNAS,然后就是Cell的子刊像灌水一样发,本人也写了不少综述。
寝室的校园网在线播放也非常流畅丝毫不卡;当然也可以用FlashGet拖下来慢慢看。非常贴心的是有记录员同声敲字幕 2006/4/24 Lab Joke...When I suffer from protocol frustrations I would usually turn to Protocol Online for help. Besides the thousands of well-exploited protocols by labs from all over the world, there may be more than a thousand experienced & skilled bio-researchers--graduates, doctors & postdocs, who are willing to help--actually I was substantially helped recently.
It is not all about methodology or publications there. As common, people express their agony in work and hatred towards their bosses--of course no one was mentioned by real identity. It is alsp a common way that people try to seek amusement for their boring life. Luckily, it seems not so elusive...
Here I forward one thread by rotiprata in Lab Joke, originally post here.
Year 2003, a new chap joined our lab...usual practise...need blood...poke the freshies...
My friend went off to separate the blood to get the white blood cells while I prepared the microscope...
Moments later, he came in with a tube & made a slide with its content...
I looked under the microscope...
.....''erm....is this white blood cells?''.....
.....''of coz they are!''.....
.....''den y do they have long tails on them?''.....
.....''wat r u talking abt? let me see!''.....
.....''OH MY GOD! THESE ARE SPERMS!!!!''.....
.....''r u sure u took the correct sample???''.....
.....''OF COZ I DID! DAMN SURE!......
.....''U MEAN HIS BLOOD GOT SPERMS????!!!!''....
.....*dreaming of us goin on stage to present our remarkable finding on the international TV*.....i am getting very excited...
.....''OH MAN! I MUST TAKE PHOTOS OF THIS! I WAN MORE OF HIS BLOOD! HOW COME HIS BLOOD GOT SPERMS???!!!''....
......''dunno...but he sure need to find a gal & get married soon...its leaking into his blood circulation already...''
.........*click*....*click*....
.....''quick! make more slides! need to confirm! Boss must be damn proud of us for making such a discovery! I am goin to graduate soon! win lots of awards, maybe we can share a nobel prize huh??? we'll be famous!!!''...
.......*click**click**click*....
.....''erm....sherry???''.....
.....''YAR??? can u hurry with your slides? need to get more nicer pictures of sperm in blood, the sperm seems to be dying...''
.....''i got the wrong tube ah....''
''WAT!!!''
.......''yar...i forgot to label, so took the wrong one....this is mouse sperm....''
''WRONG TUUUBEEEEEEE??????!!!!!!''
Needless to say, he got a big scolding from me for not labeling his tubes.....after i regained my composure & started to delete the pictures...
.......''sherry?''......
......''WAT!?!?!?''......
.......''dun mention this to anybody ah?''......
......''OK LAH!''...... |
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